Tag Archives: Russian Jews

A Blue Bag in a Red Country

By Mara Koven-Gelman (Buffalo, NY)

The year was 1983. 

I was a Boston University junior studying abroad at a London college.  March break was approaching and I joined my friends for a one-week Russian government Intourist trip to Leningrad and Moscow for $200 (black bread and vodka included.)  This was before the opening of Russia with Perestroika (restructuring) and Glasnost (transparency.) All religion was still banned in former USSR. Refuseniks (Jews and others) were not allowed to practice their religion and denied emigration.

I was always connected with the plight of my Jewish people. As a 10-year-old I wrote to U.S. President Richard Nixon and implored him to “let my people go.” He never replied.

With a pang of “maybe I should visit some refuseniks,” I used my Jewish network, and met up with Rabbi Felder, a religious Jew in North London. He had a long grey beard, black hat, and gave me banned books (by Golda Meir, Abba Eban and prayer books), Passover matzah, and Star of David necklaces. Rabbi Felder trained me on what to expect at border control.

“Once they see all the Jewish items, they will stop you instantly,” he warned. “A guard at a booth will look at a mirror positioned behind your head. It will unnerve you, but disregard it,” he counseled.  

Rabbi Felder gave me refuseniks’ names and phone numbers to find and deliver the goods. “Keep the contacts hidden on your body,” he advised. I wrote them down in a thin blue vinyl address book. “Good luck, may God protect you.”

As our plane landed at Moscow’s Sheremetyevo Airport, I saw large Soviet cement buildings and cranes dot the grey March skyline. Several college students smoothly went through customs before me. At my turn a guard asked me truncated questions while looking at a thin horizontal mirror behind my head as expected. He was menacing, wearing a grey felt coat tightly belted at the waist and a black leather collar, similar to the Wizard of Oz’s flying monkeys. 

I struggled to picked up my large blue duffel bag and put it on an x-ray machine. A man in a black suit with greasy black hair took me aside.

He picked through my belongings knowing which items to pile on a steel grey table. With a box cutter, he sliced open the sealed matzah boxes and asked why I needed it. 

“Why are you carrying all these Jewish books? Why do you need so many of the same book? Who are you going to visit while you are here?”

I had been trained. 

“I am Jewish and will be celebrating the Jewish holiday of Passover,” I said with confidence. 

Pointing to my American co-travelers, I said, “These are my friends, and we celebrate together. We each need the Haggadah book to follow the ceremony.”

He asked me to step aside, where two women with dark grey handkerchiefs started to pat my body. It was humiliating. My confidence waned and I started to cry. They kept saying, “Nyet, Nyet,” no doubt feeling sorry me. 

“Do not meet with anyone. I will allow you to gather your things and enter our country. Remember you are a guest,” said the investigator.

I nodded, feeling scared and grateful that they didn’t find the blue address book that I’d hidden in the inner pocket of my jean culotte pants. 

My only friend on the trip was Julie. “Good thing you asked everyone to wear a Jewish star, Mara. I’d hate to see what that guy would have done if he found those.”  I looked sheepishly at the other students. 

“Sorry,” I said.  “I didn’t realize they would be so thorough and intimidating.” The college students didn’t seem to mind. It was part of an adventure. For me, though, it was an act of defiance.

We stayed in the centrally located Metropol Hotel. Only tourists were allowed in the hotels. Rabbi Felder had warned me that all of its rooms were bugged. Sure enough, an older woman sitting at a table greeted Julie and I as we emerged from the elevator. She gave us a brass room key on a wooden ball. Regardless of the time of day or night, someone was there to dole out the key and receive it when we left. I felt like a stranger’s hands went through my clothes when I wasn’t there. 

Heeding Rabbi Felder’s warning, I called Regina, (a Jewish refusenik) from a phone booth in the street. She invited me for a Passover Seder, and gave directions via metro subway. My tourist trip had a free night, so I left with my blue duffle bag full of Jewish books and items. 

The nearby Moscow Ploshchad Revolyutsii metro station was beautiful with its twinkling colorful mosaics and gilded bronze statues. I thought I was in a combination of a Turkish mosque and Versailles Palace.  

Somehow I found the rundown apartment building. I climbed the dark staircase with its wooden stairs indented from decades of previous climbers. 

The brisket, gefilte fish and cabbage were the smells of my grandparents’ and mom’s Passover kitchen. My family had come from this country 80 years earlier. The air was familiar and warming. It was Passover, and I was home. 

I emptied the blue duffle with the forbidden items. Regina pointed to a corner table and whispered a non-exuberant “Spasiba,” Russian for “thank you.” It was time for the Seder, not for gratitude.

A 25-year-old man, Simon, who was a couple of years older than me, led the Seder with the Haggadot I had brought. We sang the Four Questions. I understood the Hebrew, not the Russian, although he translated the readings into English for me. The entire Seder was experienced in very dim light for fear of police surveillance.

Someone asked what we were served for breakfast at the hotel. 

 “Black bread, cheese, and herring, ” I said.

 “There is no cheese in Moskva this week,” was the answer.  Tourists were treated better than the citizens.

Simon walked me back to the Metro after the Seder. He openly carried the “banned books” that I had brought, with Gold Meir’s My Life on top. The books were obvious to anyone walking by. I mentioned it.

“What else can they do to me?” Simon responded. 

He was an underground Hebrew teacher — teaching any refusenik Jewish customs and Hebrew — and was trained by people who visited clandestinely from the US and Israel.

It was at that moment that I decided my career and future. If it was so difficult for Jews in Russia to practice, and even more difficult for them to leave, then I would dedicate my life to building Jewish life in the U.S. and in my home country, Canada.

It was a light-switch moment. I also knew that I would become involved in the “Let My People Go” advocacy initiatives back in Boston.  Not yet 21, I was full of passion and, clearly, naive.

I returned on the Metro to my hotel, attended the remaining heavily guided tours of Moscow’s Red Square, Kremlin (outside), iconic St. Basil’s Cathedral, and a performance at the Bolshoi Theatre. We took an overnight train to Leningrad (its name returned to “St. Petersburg” in 1991.) I peeked out the drafty train windows. The bright moon lit the thatched roofs and towns which looked like they were straight out of a scene in Fiddler on the Roof. 

Leningrad was filled with more sites—the Hermitage Museum, Lenin’s Tomb, and naval ships. We also waited in line for an hour for ice cream. Two guards jumped the line, screaming between gritted teeth at a shop girl, who broke down in tears. This was not a friendly place. 

Thankfully, the trip was over and I eagerly left with my group. Touching down at Heathrow Airport, I felt free again. Yes, I had witnessed beautiful buildings and art, but my experience visiting refuseniks overshadowed the esthetics. 

Now I knew why my family had left in the late 1800’s. I also knew what I had to do in the last decades of the 1900s and into the next century. 

Author’s Note: It is now 42 years later. I have had a long career in Jewish communal work in Canada and in the U.S. I have advocated to release refuseniks (emigration waves started in 1986), amplified the stories of Holocaust survivors, conducted community surveys, and built bridges with people of other faiths and cultures in the name of social justice and civil society. 

Now is a complicated time to be Jewish and to be concerned about a shared society. I am looking forward to a time when all people can work collaboratively together. Until then, I’ll write my memories of a time when reading a book in the open was a crime and feel grateful that I can still read a book openly here. 

Mara is a writer, writing facilitator, and long-time Jewish communal professional who has worked in Toronto, Boston, and Buffalo. Most recently, she was a Jewish Community Relations Council Director and Holocaust Resource Center executive director putting her smack in the middle of interesting conversations and events.  She has published in the Globe & Mail, Buffalo News, Baltimore Jewish Times, and The Jewish Advocate, and has edited an anthology, Mourning has Broken: A Collection of Creative Writing about Grief and Healing. She lives in Buffalo, NY with her family.

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My Mother, A Jewish Southern Belle

by William Levine (Belmont, MA)

In a Yankee cemetery in 2006, my eulogy for my Atlanta born and bred mom, dead at 82, didn’t do her  justice. I didn’t play Dixie. I had contemplated using Elvis’s version from 1972, but my sense of political correctness trumped my Southern born and raised mom’s legacy.  

While I was growing up in suburban Boston in the ‘50s and ‘60s, Dixie was the only song my Boston born dad and my mom asked orchestras to play.  It was an anthem for mom.

Though mom lived over 5 decades in Massachusetts, and only two decades in Atlanta, she never stirred herself into the clam chowder melting pot.  She may have lost some of her accent over the years, but Atlanta and Georgia were always on her mind.  New England’s climate was always too cold and as were most of its inhabitants. She in turn always had that Southern graciousness so she fielded all her phone calls, from friend or foe, with a warm chatty, “How are you, dear.”  

Her real pet-peeve about Yankee living was the cost of it. She would often tout the cheap household labor in the South, not apologizing for Jim Crow.  Her well-off family always had live-in help and mom would sometimes sadly admit her maids raised her, an only child, as much as her parents did.  She would occasionally strongly suggest to my dad, an only moderately successful dentist, that we hire a maid.

Once as a precious elementary schooler, I told mom about the amazing Mount Rushmore in the far away   South Dakota with humongous carvings of the presidents.  She countered with Stone Mountain in Atlanta in which Southern heroes Stonewall Jackson. Robert E.  Lee and Jefferson Davis were carved into immortality.  What’s more she had actually seen Stone  Mountain in person. Whereas South Dakota in the early ‘60s might as well have been on the moon.

In the early 1960s, I asked mom about the two senators from Georgia, Richard Russell and Herman Talmadge. This inquiry most likely came after I had devoured the paperback, Meet the Senators, and wanted to get her informed opinion. I remember that mom extolled both legislators as Lions of The Senate types, ignoring their arch-segregationist credentials. 

Occasionally, her Yankee family would take a gentle swipe at her beloved South. Mom would then sometimes counter with “The South Shall Rise Again,” mostly joking.

Of course, I am raising the point that my mother sounded more like a Daughter of the Confederacy, than the grand-daughter of Russian empire Jewish immigrants, who arrived in Atlanta about 25 years after it burned down. Mom’s paternal Jewish family was large and well-known. Her father was one of 11 Bresslers and the spot of his department store in Atlanta is a registered neighborhood historic site.  Her uncle was president of Atlanta’s conservative synagogue. My mother, Irma Bressler, immersed herself in the clannish world of Atlanta’s Jewish population.  This world of temple, Jewish social events, Jewish organizations dances was the impetus for her happy teen years. She didn’t date Rhett Butler types, but was instead very happy to be popular with the boys at Georgia Tech’s Jewish frat. 

Her Jewish insularity most likely softened the antisemitism of 1920s and 1930s Georgia.  Mom was born in Atlanta in 1924, just 9 years after the infamous lynching of the Jewish pencil factory manager, Leo Frank, wrongly convicted, due to antisemitism, of murdering a young girl employee.  The Frank Case drove 3,000 worried Jews out of Georgia, though mom’s future parents were not among them.  When mom turned 1 in 1925, there were more Klansmen than Jews in the US.  The New Georgia Encyclopedia says about the post Frank trial years in Georgia, “During the succeeding decades Jews were attacked by the Klan, the Columbians, and other right-wing groups. They were tolerated but also singled out as different.”

It does seem ironic then that mom, a Southern outsider, embraced the Southern culture’s uber-maxim of “The Lost Cause” that emphasized the honor of the valor of a Confederacy fighting for states rights and home-turf protection and not slavery.  But though her innermost concentric cultural circles were Jewish, the larger, peripheral concentric circles advocating the Lost Cause were hard to ignore. Most likely she first learned of the War of Northern Aggression in the textbooks at the historic Spring Street school in the early 1930s.  From then there was Confederate Memorial Day, the statues of Civil War heroes, and social norms to reinforce her regional pride.

My mother’s racial biases were more societal than personal. Thus, she was easily awakened to the Civil Rights movement’s goals, I remember her being excited to attend a lecture by a Southern civil rights journalist in the late 1960s.  She always voted Democratic, as the South moved Republican after 1960. Most tellingly, I don’t know of any band playing Dixie for her, after a Bar Mitzvah my family attended in 1964.

Before Alzheimer’s locked down mom’s brain when she was 75, she understood that “Dixie” had become an anthem with many negative connotations. My sister and I also understood this, but we also understood that Dixie was a short-cut to her treasured Southern identity.  In 2014, we unveiled my dad’s grave marker.  Dad and Mom are buried in the same plot.  The gathering was just my son and I, and my sister and her two kids   We recited a few required prayers. Then we added our own flourish. My nephew, amped by his IPOD and Elvis, sang a few bars of his version of “Dixie.” To our family  this memorial requiem was not Lost Cause specific, or callously played.  The song just defined who mom was, a Jewish Southern Belle, for better or worse.  

Bill Levine is a retired IT professional and an active freelance writer residing in Belmont  MA.  He still prefers pecan pie to  Boston creme. 

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Furniture

by Steven Sher (Jerusalem, Israel)

Before proposing, Grandpa Sam

bought furniture and Grandma Anna,

pragmatic, agreed to marry him.

That’s what passed back then for love,

the young torn from their families and homes,

fleeing Russia before the next pogrom.

A couple needed a proper bed,

a table and chairs, a dresser and sofa.

They even believed that sturdy

furniture would prop up any failings

in their feelings, that they could build

a life around it and six kids.

Sam died before I was born. Named after him,

I don’t put too much stock in furniture.

Anna outlived him thirty years,

the stern and proper widow

always sitting straight and proud

in an upholstered high back chair

before the family when we gathered

every week around the solid table

Sam had bought so many years before.

Steven Sher’s recent titles include What Comes from the Heart: Poems in the Jewish Tradition (Cyberwit, 2020) and Contestable Truths, Incontestable Lies (Dos Madres Press, 2019). A selection of his Holocaust poems, When They Forget (New Feral Press), is due out in 2021, while his prose will appear in New Voices: Contemporary Writers Confronting the Holocaust. For Flowstone Press, he is editing an anthology of Oregon poets. Steven lives in Jerusalem. If you’d like to read more about Steven Sher, visit his website: steven-sher-poetry.wixsite.com/writing

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My year in Cleveland

 In memory of Elina Rashkovsky.

by Nina Kossman (New York, NY)

Today I can no longer say how it happened that, at the very end of my childhood, I became convinced that I would never become friends with Americans my own age. I remember my parents’ friends in Cleveland, a German-Jewish couple who invited us to their house, since we were a rarity in those days, the first Soviet-Jewish family in Cleveland, and besides, my father spoke German, which was his native language, and my mother understood German, which wasn’t her native language, she learned it in school, anyway, to get back to the German-Jewish couple who invited us to their house and who were very welcoming and very kind to us that first, dreary year in Cleveland. I remember sitting in their spacious living room, thinking that I’d never like anything in this country, no matter how spacious its living rooms or how welcoming its grown-ups in their spacious living rooms, and I remember Mrs. Kleishtadt, a cheerful, intelligent woman in her fifties, saying, “I know you feel like you’ll never belong, Nina, but believe me, soon enough you’ll have many friends in school.” I didn’t know what to say to that, and I suppose she didn’t mind my not saying anything, but if she could read my thoughts more than just that first time, she would have known how convinced I was that she was totally wrong, that I’d never be friends with any American girls because they seemed like creatures from another planet, so sure of themselves, so arrogant and grownup, and their arrogance, or what seemed to me like their arrogance, was something so totally alien to me, something I’ve never seen in anyone my own age in any of the countries I’d lived in so far. It’s not like I’d lived in so many countries – just two, the Soviet Union and Israel, not counting Italy where we spent three months waiting for our American visas and where I didn’t go to school, because those three months were the summer months – June, July, August – or perhaps there was another reason I didn’t go to school in Italy, it doesn’t matter why I’m not counting Italy as one of the countries I had actually lived in, I just don’t, that’s it, but my feeling about the arrogance of American girls had nothing to do with Italy, so why I’m even mentioning Italy, I don’t know, since I was talking about American girls my age, while boys didn’t even enter the picture, not until a little later. In the second month of my school year in Cleveland I was told by a girl whose desk was next to mine, that Tim, a boy from our class, was in love with me, but I didn’t even realize he was in my class, as I only saw him on the way to and from school, when he stood silently on the other side of the street, looking very forlorn, and I thought why is he always standing there and looking at my side of the street. I really had no idea why. He didn’t seem arrogant like the girls in our class, but there was something boring about him, the way he stood and looked. If that’s called “being in love,” I thought, then I don’t really want it, it’s boring and lifeless, and there was enough lifelessness around me everywhere, in the sky which was always overcast, in the streets where no one walked, and in the way I couldn’t speak English as well as everyone else in my school, which made me feel like an outcast, until I stopped caring about my accent and about being an outsider. I’m an outsider, and so what, I said to myself, let them deal with it, it’s their problem, not mine. After our first month in Cleveland, when we were the only “Russian” family and I was the only girl from Russia, which some of my classmates confused with Austria and Australia, as well as a couple of other names on the map of the world totally unknown to them, there was suddenly another “Russian” family in Cleveland, with a girl my age. Her name was Elina, and soon enough she started going to my school, and we sat together in all our classes, gossiping in Russian about boys and girls in our class, “Americans,” as we called them, who couldn’t understand a word we said, which is why we felt free to say whatever we wanted about them. We gave nicknames to boys and girls in our class so they wouldn’t recognize their names when we gossiped about them in Russian. There was one boy who said “oops” every time he dropped a textbook or a pen, which happened very often, and Elina and I found this new English word “oops” so funny that we nicknamed him “Oops”. “You know what Oops did today?” or “Oops came in late as usual and sat at a wrong desk and said “oops”! Ha-ha-ha!” It was so much fun talking about our classmates without anyone knowing what we were saying. I remember another boy whom we nicknamed Kozyol because his last name was Kozolsky; I can’t remember exactly – maybe it was not Kozolsky but Kozilsky, a Polish-sounding last name, and although his first name, Mark, was easier to remember as well as to pronounce, we never called him Mark, not only because we didn’t want him to know we were talking about him, but also because we decided we were both in love with him, this Mark, this Kozyol, who had no idea the two Russian girls noticed every movement he made in class, and every time he talked to another girl – one of those arrogant Americans — Elina and I made up heart-breaking stories about this Kozyol. I don’t remember the stories, I just remember we talked about him in his presence, without him knowing what was going on. When the school year was over, Elina and I spent two summer months in an Orthodox Jewish summer camp, which was recommended to our two sets of parents by the Jewish Family Service in Cleveland and which our parents envisioned as a kind of pioneer camp for Jewish kids, set in the Poconos. Neither her parents nor mine were told that the camp was Orthodox, even ultra Orthodox, and they had no idea we would be immersed, for the first time in our lives, in religion, and that we would feel even more like outsiders in that religious camp than we ever did in our school. It was in that religious summer camp that we both fell in love with another boy, whose name — and our nickname for him — I don’t remember. All I remember is that our joint falling in love with the same boy brought out an unusual rivalry, which was strange, considering we were such close friends that we often referred to ourselves as sisters and thought we would always be together. It was in the Jewish Orthodox summer camp, where we attended a synagogue for the first time and found the rituals so funny and giggled so loudly that we were told to leave the premises immediately, and where I argued with our Religion teacher telling her that everything she was teaching us about God was nonsense, and where we were not allowed to brush our teeth after sundown on Friday, and where we couldn’t wear short-sleeved shirts and shorts even in the summer heat, it was there that Elina revealed to me her terrible secret: she said she had always thought I was the ugliest girl in the world and that’s why the boy we were both in love with wasn’t paying attention to her – it’s because you’re ugly, she said, and I’m your best friend, so he thinks I’m ugly, too. It sort of spreads, from you to me, she said. Her assertion that I was the ugliest girl in the world and that this ugliness was the kind that spread from person to person, made me feel like an outsider in a new way, an outsider to my own person, therefore I had to resolve this question for myself (am I ugly or not?), which I did the traditional way albeit somewhat new to me, by looking in the mirror. There was one long mirror in the girls’ shared bathroom, and for the first time in my life I looked in the mirror with an intent totally unknown to me until that summer: I was trying to figure out something about beauty, and since what I saw in the mirror failed to convince me of my friend’s truthfulness, I started thinking that maybe Elina saw the world, with me in it, in a kind of crooked mirror, because I’m not the one who is ugly; it was she, with her long red hair and freckles all over her face, who looked like Pippi Longstocking, but there was no use telling her this, because weren’t we bffs, i.e. best friends forever, and this “forever” excluded death, of course, and neither of us could know that Elina would die of breast cancer at the early age of thirty in a small town in Massachusetts, leaving behind a small son and grieving parents, many years after the end of our friendship.

Moscow born, Nina Kossman is a bilingual writer, poet, translator of Russian poetry, painter, and playwright. Among her published works are two books of poems in Russian and English, two volumes of translations of Tsvetaeva’s poems, two books of short stories, an anthology published by Oxford University Press, and a novel. Her work has been translated into Greek, Japanese, Russian, and Spanish. She received a UNESCO/PEN Short Story Award, an NEA translation fellowship, and grants from Foundation for Hellenic Culture, the Onassis Public Benefit Foundation, and Fundacion Valparaiso. She lives in New York.

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